المسار التاريخي للفلسفة (من العقلانية اليونانية إلى النقدية الحديثة )

الملخص

This research represents a comprehensive attempt to study the historical development of philosophy from its earliest roots in ancient civilizations, through Greek, Islamic, and medieval philosophy, and up to modern and contemporary philosophy, with a focus on the major transformations that shaped the course of human thought. The study adopted a historical–analytical methodology based on tracing the successive stages of philosophy and linking them to their social, political, and intellectual contexts, in addition to employing a comparative approach to analyze different philosophical trends and identify points of convergence and divergence among them. The findings reveal that philosophy is not merely an accumulation of ideas, but a living process that continually regenerates itself according to the cultural and scientific conditions of each era. Ancient philosophy laid the first foundations of systematic thinking, medieval philosophy sought to reconcile reason and revelation, and modern philosophy introduced methodological doubt, rationalism, and empiricism. Kant’s critical philosophy represented a new turning point that paved the way for subsequent philosophical movements such as existentialism, analytic philosophy, structuralism, and post-structuralism. The study also shows that the evolution of philosophy depends on accumulated knowledge and the continuous critique of previous intellectual structures, and that contemporary philosophy has expanded its concerns to include the human being, language, society, and history, with an emphasis on the plurality of meanings and values. The research concludes with recommendations that call for enhancing the teaching of the history of philosophy, strengthening comparative studies, supporting translation efforts, promoting philosophical dialogue through academic events, and encouraging research that addresses human and ethical issues in light of contemporary intellectual transformations.